This page lists the standard XSLT elements, all of which are supported in Saxon Stylesheets. For extension elements provided with the Saxon product, see extensions.html.
Saxon implements the XSLT version 1.0 specification from the World Wide Web Consortium: see Conformance. This page is designed to give a summary of the features: for the full specification, consult the official standard.
The xsl:analyze-string element is new in XSLT 2.0. It applies a regular expression to
a supplied string value. The string is split into a sequence of substrings, each of which is
classified as either a matching substring (if it matches the regular expression) or a non-matching
substring (if it doesn't). The substrings are then processed individually: the matching substrings by
a xsl:matching-substring element that appears as a child of the xsl:analyze-string
instruction, the non-matching substrings by a similar xsl:non-matching-substring element.
If either of these is omitted, the relevant substrings are not processed.
The element has three attributes: select is an XPath expression whose value is the string
to be analyzed; regex is the regular expression (which may be given as an attribute value
template), and flags provides one or more Perl-like flags to control the way in which
regular expression matching is performed, for example the value "m" indicates multi-line mode.
When processing matching substrings, it is possible to call the regex-group() function
to find the parts of the matching substring that matched particular parenthesized groups within the
regular expression.
There are examples of this element in the XSLT 2.0 Working Draft.
The xsl:apply-imports element is used in conjunction with imported stylesheets. There
are no attributes. The element may contain zero or more xsl:with-param elements (as permitted
in XSLT 2.0).
At run-time, there must be a current template. A current template is established when
a template is activated as a result of a call on xsl:apply-templates.
Calling xsl:call-template
does not change the current template. Calling
xsl:for-each or xsl:for-each-group
causes the current template to become null.
The effect is to search for a template that matches the current node and that is defined in
a stylesheet that was imported (directly or indirectly, possibly via xsl:include) from the
stylesheet containing the current template, and whose mode matches the current mode.
If there is such a template, it is activated using the current node. If not, the call on
xsl:apply-imports has no effect.
To supply parameters to the called template, one or more xsl:with-param elements
may be included. The values of these parameters are available to the called template. If the
xsl:with-param element specifies tunnel="yes", then the parameter is passed
transparently through to templates called at any depth, but it can only be referenced by an
xsl:param element that also specifies tunnel="yes". If the default value,
tunnel="no" is used, then the parameter value is available only in the immediately
called template, and only if the xsl:param element specifies tunnel="no"
(explicitly or by defaulting the attribute).
The xsl:apply-templates element causes navigation from the current element, usually
but not necessarily to process its children. Each selected node is processed using
the best-match xsl:template defined for that node.
The xsl:apply-templates element takes an optional attribute, mode, which identifies the
processing mode. If this attribute is present, only templates with a matching mode parameter will
be considered when searching for the rule to apply to the selected elements.
It also takes an optional attribute, select.
If the select attribute is omitted, apply-templates causes all the immediate
children of the current node to be processed: that is, child elements and
character content, in the order in which it appears. Character content must be processed by
a template whose match pattern will be something like */text(). Child elements similarly
are processed using the appropriate template,
selected according to the rules given below under xsl:template.
If the select attribute is included, the result must be a sequence of nodes.
All nodes selected by the expression are processed.
The xsl:apply-templates element is usually empty, in which case the selected nodes are
processed in the order they are selected (this will usually be document order, but this depends on the
select expression that is used). However the element may include xsl:sort and/or
xsl:param elements:
To supply parameters to the called template, one or more xsl:with-param elements
may be included. The values of these parameters are available to the called template. If the
xsl:with-param element specifies tunnel="yes", then the parameter is passed
transparently through to templates called at any depth, but it can only be referenced by an
xsl:param element that also specifies tunnel="yes". If the default value,
tunnel="no" is used, then the parameter value is available only in the immediately
called template, and only if the xsl:param element specifies tunnel="no"
(explicitly or by defaulting the attribute).
The selected nodes are processed in a particular context. This context includes:
Some examples of the most useful forms of select expression are listed below:
| Expression | Meaning |
| XXX | Process all immediate child elements with tag XXX |
| * | Process all immediate child elements (but not character data within the element) |
| ../TITLE | Process the TITLE children of the parent element |
| XXX[@AAA] | Process all XXX child elements having an attribute named AAA |
| @* | Process all attributes of the current element |
| */ZZZ | Process all grandchild ZZZ elements |
| XXX[ZZZ] | Process all child XXX elements that have a child ZZZ |
| XXX[@WIDTH and not(@WIDTH="20")] | Process all child XXX elements that have a WIDTH attribute whose value is not "20" |
| AUTHOR[1] | Process the first child AUTHOR element |
| APPENDIX[@NUMBER][last()] | Process the last child APPENDIX element having a NUMBER attribute |
| APPENDIX[last()][@NUMBER] | Process the last child APPENDIX element provided it has a NUMBER attribute |
The full syntax of select expressions is given in XPath Expression Syntax
The xsl:attribute element is used to add an attribute value to an
xsl:element element or general formatting element, or to an element created using xsl:copy.
The attribute must be output immediately after the element, with no intervening character data.
The name of the attribute is indicated by the
name attribute and the value by the content of the xsl:attribute element.
The attribute name is interpreted as an attribute value template, so it may contain string expressions within curly braces. The full syntax of string expressions is given in XPath Expression Syntax
The attribute value may be given either by a select attribute or by an enclosed
sequence constructor. If the select attribute is used and the value is a sequence, then
the items in the sequence are output space-separated.
The separator attribute is not yet available.
For example, the following code creates a <FONT> element with several attributes:
<xsl:element name="FONT">
<xsl:attribute name="SIZE">4</xsl:attribute>
<xsl:attribute name="FACE">Courier New</xsl:attribute>
Some output text
</xsl:element>
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A new attribute type is available in XSLT 2.0. This indicates the
data type of the value of the attribute. In Saxon, the value must be a built-in type defined
in XML Schema, for example xs:integer or xs:date. Type annotations
are only accessible if the attribute is added to a temporary tree that specifies
validation="preserve". The value given to the attribute must be a string
that conforms to the rules for the data type, as defined in XML Schema.
There are two main uses for the xsl:attribute element:
The xsl:attribute must be output immediately after the relevant element is generated: there must
be no intervening character data (other than white space which is ignored). Saxon outputs the closing
">" of the element start tag as soon as something other than an attribute is written to the output
stream, and rejects an attempt to output an attribute if there is no currently-open start tag. Any special
characters within the attribute value will automatically be escaped (for example, "<" will be output as
"<")
If two attributes are output with the same name, the second one takes precedence.
The attribute disable-output-escaping is new in XSLT 2.0. If this is set to
the value "yes", then the attribute value will be output as-is, without escaping of special
characters. This affects both the normal XML escaping (e.g. of ampersand) and the special URL
escaping that occurs with non-ASCII characters in HTML URL attributes (e.g. href) which normally causes
a space to be output as %20. Saxon's extension attribute saxon:disable-output-escaping, which
served the same purpose in previous Saxon releases, is no longer available.
The xsl:attribute-set element is used to declare a named collection of attributes, which will often
be used together to define an output style. It is declared at the top level (subordinate to xsl:stylesheet).
An attribute-set contains a collection of xsl:attribute elements.
The attributes in an attribute-set can be used in several ways:
xsl:use-attribute-sets in the list of attributes
for the element. The value is a space-separated list of attribute-set names. Attributes specified explicitly on
the literal result element, or added using xsl:attribute, override any that are specified in the attribute-set
definition.xsl:element, by specifying use-attribute-sets in the list of attributes
for the xsl:element element. The value is a space-separated list of attribute-set names. Attributes specified explicitly on
the literal result element, or added using xsl:attribute, override any that are specified in the attribute-set
definition.use-attribute-sets in the list of attributes
for the xsl:attribute-set element. Again, attributes defined explicitly in the attribute set override any that
are included implicitly from another attribute set.Attribute sets named in the xsl:use-attribute-sets or use-attribute-sets attribute
are applied in the order given: if the same attribute is generated more than once, the later value always takes
precedence.
The xsl:call-template element is used to invoke a named template.
The name attribute is mandatory and must match the name defined on an xsl:template element.
Saxon supports an alternative instruction saxon:call-template. This has the same
effect as xsl:call-template, except that the name attribute may be written as an attribute value template, allowing
the called template to be decided at run-time. The string result of evaluating the attribute value
template must be a valid QName that identifies a named template somewhere in the stylesheet.
To supply parameters to the called template, one or more xsl:with-param elements
may be included. The values of these parameters are available to the called template. If the
xsl:with-param element specifies tunnel="yes", then the parameter is passed
transparently through to templates called at any depth, but it can only be referenced by an
xsl:param element that also specifies tunnel="yes". If the default value,
tunnel="no" is used, then the parameter value is available only in the immediately
called template, and only if the xsl:param element specifies tunnel="no"
(explicitly or by defaulting the attribute).
The context of the called template (for example the current node and current node list) is the same as that for the calling template; however the variables defined in the calling template are not accessible in the called template.
The xsl:character-map declaration defines a named character map for use
during serialization. The name attribute gives the name of the character map, which can be
referenced from the use-character-maps attribute of xsl:output. The
xsl:character-map element contains a set of xsl:output-character elements each
of which defines the output representation of a given Unicode character. The character is specified using
the character attribute, the string which is to replace this character on serialization is
specified using the string attribute. Both attributes are mandatory.
The replacement string is output as is, even if it contains special (markup) characters. So, for
example, you can define <xsl:output-character character=" " string=" "/> to ensure that
NBSP characters are output using the entity reference .
Character maps allow you to produce output that is not well-formed XML, and they thus provide a replacement
facility for disable-output-escaping. A useful technique is to use characters in the Unicode
private use area (xE000 to xF8FF) as characters which, if present in the result tree, will be mapped to
special strings on output. For example, if you want to generate a proprietary XML-like format that uses
tags such as <!IF>, <!THEN>, and <!ELSE>, then you could map these to the three characters
xE000, xE001, xE002 (which you could in turn define as entities so they can be written symbolically in your
stylesheet or source document).
Character maps are preferred to disable-output-escaping because they do not rely on an
intimate interface between the transformation engine and the serializer, and they do not distort the data model. The
special characters can happily be stored in a DOM, passed across the SAX interface, or manipulated in any
other way, before finally being rendered by the serializer.
Character maps may be assembled from other character maps using the use-character-maps
attribute. This contains a space-separated list of the names of other character maps that are to be
included in this character map.
Using character maps may be expensive at run-time. I have not measured the effect. Saxon currently makes no special attempts to optimize their use: if character maps are used, then every character that is output will be looked up in a hash table to see if there is a replacement string.
The xsl:choose element is used to choose one of a number of alternative outputs. The element
typically contains a number of xsl:when elements, each with a separate test condition. The first
xsl:when element whose condition matches the current element in the source document is expanded, the others
are ignored. If none of the conditions is satisfied, the xsl:otherwise child element, if any, is
expanded.
The test condition in the xsl:when element is a boolean expression.
The full syntax of expressions is given in XPath Expression Syntax
Example:
<xsl:choose>
<xsl:when test="@cat='F'">Fiction</xsl:when>
<xsl:when test="@cat='C'">Crime</xsl:when>
<xsl:when test="@cat='R'">Reference</xsl:when>
<xsl:otherwise>General</xsl:otherwise>
</xsl:choose>
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The xsl:comment element can appear anywhere within an xsl:template. It indicates
text that is to be output to the current output stream in the form of an XML or HTML
comment.
The content of the comment may be given either by a select attribute or by an enclosed
sequence constructor. If the select attribute is used and the value is a sequence, then
the items in the sequence are output space-separated.
For example, the text below inserts some JavaScript into a generated HTML document:
<script language="JavaScript">
<xsl:comment>
function bk(n) {
parent.frames['content'].location="chap" + n + ".1.html";
}
//</xsl:comment>
</script>
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Note that special characters occurring within the comment text will not be escaped.
The xsl:comment element will normally contain text only but it may contain other
elements such as xsl:if or xsl:value-of.
However, it should not contain literal result elements.
Tip: the xsl:comment element can be very useful for debugging your stylesheet. Use comments in the generated
output as a way of tracking which rules in the stylesheet were invoked to produce the output.
The xsl:copy element causes the current XML node in the source document to be copied to the
output. The actual effect depends on whether the node is an element, an attribute, or a text node.
For an element, the start and end element tags are copied; the attributes, character content and child elements
are copied only if xsl:apply-templates is used within xsl:copy.
Attributes of the generated element can be defined by reference to a named attribute set. The optional use-attribute-sets attribute contains a white-space-separated list of attribute set names. They are applied in the order given: if the same attribute is generated more than once, the later value always takes precedence.
The following example is a template that copies the input element to the output, together with all its child elements, character content, and attributes:
<xsl:template match="*|text()|@*">
<xsl:copy>
<xsl:apply-templates select="@*"/>
<xsl:apply-templates/>
</xsl:copy>
</xsl:template>
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The xsl:copy-of element copies of the value of the
expression in the mandatory select attribute to the result tree
If this expression is a string, a number, or a boolean, the effect is the same as using
xsl:sequence.
There is an optional attribute copy-namespaces whose value is "yes" or "no". The default
is "yes". This controls whether the in-scope namespaces of any element nodes copied by this instruction
are automatically copied to the result tree. If the value is "no", then namespaces will only be copied
if they are actually used in the names of elements or attributes. This allows you, for example, to
copy the contents of a SOAP message without copying the namespaces declared in its envelope.
The xsl:decimal-format element is used at the top level of a stylesheet to indicate a set of localisation
parameters. If the xsl:decimal-format element has a name attribute, it identifies a named format; if not, it identifies the
default format.
In practice decimal formats are used only for formatting numbers using the
format-number() function in XPath expressions.
For details of the attributes available, see the XSLT specification.
Saxon currently implements format-number() according to the XSLT 1.0 specifications,
it does not implement the changes introduced in XSLT 2.0.
The xsl:document instruction creates a new document node. The content of the new document node
is created using the contained instructions (in the same way as xsl:result-document), and the new
document node is added to the result sequence. The instruction is useful mainly if you want to validate
the document: the element allows attributes validation and type which perform
document-level validation in the same way as the corresponding attributes on xsl:result-document.
The instruction also allows a function or template to create a temporary tree without the need to create a variable and then return the value of the variable.
The instruction has been added during the last call phase, it was not included in the 12 Nov 2003
draft specification. It should not be confused with the instruction of the same name in the XSLT 1.1 draft,
which was a precursor to xsl:result-document.
The xsl:element instruction is used to create an output element
whose name might be calculated at run-time.
The element has a mandatory attribute, name, which is the name of the generated element.
The name attribute is an attribute value template, so it may contain string expressions inside
curly braces.
The attributes of the generated element are defined by subsequent xsl:attribute elements. The
content of the generated element is whatever is generated between the <xsl:element> and
</xsl:element> tags.
Additionally, attributes of the generated element can be defined by reference to a named attribute set. The optional use-attribute-sets attribute contains a white-space-separated list of attribute set names. They are applied in the order given: if the same attribute is generated more than once, the later value always takes precedence.
For example, the following code creates a <FONT> element with several attributes:
<xsl:element name="FONT">
<xsl:attribute name="SIZE">4</xsl:attribute>
<xsl:attribute name="FACE">Courier New</xsl:attribute>
Some output text
</xsl:element> |
A new attribute type-annotation is available in XSLT 2.0. This indicates the
data type of the value of the element. In Saxon 7.3, the value must be a built-in type defined
in XML Schema, for example xs:integer or xs:date. Type annotations
are only accessible if the attribute is added to a temporary tree that specifies
type-information="preserve". The value given to the element must be a string
that conforms to the rules for the data type, as defined in XML Schema. In particular
this means that the element must not have any element children.
The xsl:fallback element is used to define recovery action to be taken when an instruction
element is used in the stylesheet and no implementation of that element is available. An element is an
instruction element if its namespace URI is the standard URI for XSLT elements
or if its namespace is identified in the
xsl:extension-element-prefixes attribute of a containing literal result element, or in the
extension-element-prefixes attribute of the xsl:stylesheet element.
If the xsl:fallback element appears in
any other context, it is ignored, together with all its child and descendant elements.
There are no attributes.
If the parent element can be instantiated and processed, the xsl:fallback element
and its descendants are ignored. If the parent element is not recognised of if any failure occurs
instantiating it,
all its xsl:fallback children are processed in turn. If there are no xsl:fallback children, an
error is reported.
The xsl:for-each element causes iteration over the nodes selected by a node-set expression.
It can be used as an alternative to xsl:apply-templates where the child nodes of the
current node are known in advance. There is a mandatory attribute, select, which defines
the nodes over which the statement will iterate. The XSLT statements subordinate to the xsl:for-each element
are applied to each source node seleced by the node-set expression in turn.
The full syntax of node-set expressions is given in XPath Expression Syntax
The xsl:for-each element may have one or more xsl:sort child elements to define the order of
sorting. The sort keys are specified in major-to-minor order.
The expression used for sorting can be any string expressions. The following are particularly useful:
Example 1:
<xsl:template match="BOOKLIST">
<TABLE>
<xsl:for-each select="BOOK">
<TR>
<TD><xsl:value-of select="TITLE"/></TD>
<TD><xsl:value-of select="AUTHOR"/></TD>
<TD><xsl:value-of select="ISBN"/></TD>
</TR>
</xsl:for-each>
</TABLE>
</xsl:template>
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Example 2: sorting with xsl:for-each. This example also shows a template for a BOOKLIST element which processes all the child BOOK elements in order of their child AUTHOR elements.
<xsl:template match="BOOKLIST">
<h2>
<xsl:for-each select="BOOK">
<xsl:sort select="AUTHOR"/>
<p>AUTHOR: <xsl:value-of select="AUTHOR"/></p>
<p>TITLE: <xsl:value-of select="TITLE"/></p>
<hr/>
</xsl:for-each>
</h2>
</xsl:template>
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The xsl:for-each-group element selects a sequence of nodes and/or atomic
values and organizes them into subsets called groups. There are four possible ways of defining the
grouping:
group-by: This groups together all items having the same value for a grouping key. The grouping key may have multiple values (a sequence of values) in which case the item is added to more than one group.
group-adjacent: This groups together all items having the same value for a grouping key,
provided that they are also adjacent in the input sequence. This is useful when you need to wrap a
new element around a sequence of related elements in the source documents, for example a consecutive
sequence of <bullet> elements. In this case the grouping key must be single-valued.
group-starting-with: This processes the items in the supplied sequence in turn, starting
a new group whenever one of the items matches a specified pattern. This is useful, for example,
when matching an <h2> element and its following <p>
elements.
group-ending-with: This processes the items in the supplied sequence in turn, closing
the current group whenever one of the items matches a specified pattern. This is useful
when matching a sequence of items in which the last item in the group carries some distinguishing
attribute such as continued="no".
Saxon implements the xsl:for-each-group instruction in full, except that some error
conditions are not detected. For examples of using the instruction, see
the draft XSLT 2.0 specification.
The xsl:function element defines a function within a stylesheet. The function is written
in XSLT but it may be called from any XPath expression in the stylesheet. It must have a non-default
namespace prefix.
Example:
<xsl:function name="my:factorial">
<xsl:param name="number" type="xs:integer"/>
<xsl:sequence as="xs:integer"
select="if ($number=0) then 1 else $number * my:factorial($number-1)"/>
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At Saxon 7.5, the content model for xsl:function is changed - instead of a special
xsl:result element, it can now take any sequence constructor. As with xsl:template,
any xsl:param elements must come first. Unlike xsl:template, all parameters are
mandatory, so the xsl:param elements must be empty and must have no select
attribute.
Ignore what follows - tail recursion is not working at the moment
In limited circumstances, stylesheet functions (xsl:function) now optimise tail-recursion.
The circumstances are that the select expression of the xsl:result instruction
must contain a call on the same function as the then or else part of a
conditional expression (which may be nested in further conditional expressions). It may require a little
care to write functions to exploit this. The example above is not tail-recursive, because
the recursive call is within an arithmetic expression: the multiplication takes place on return
from the recursive call. It can be recast in tail-recursive form by adding an extra parameter (which should
be set to 1 on the initial call):
<xsl:function name="x:factorial">
<xsl:param name="acc" as="xs:integer?"/>
<xsl:param name="n" as="xs:integer"/>
<xsl:sequence as="xs:integer"
select="if ($n = 1)
then $acc
else x:factorial($acc*$n, $n - 1)" />
</xsl:function>
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The call x:factorial(1, 5) returns 120.
Saxon defines an extra attribute on xsl:function: saxon:memo-function="yes"
indicates that Saxon should remember the
results of calling the function in a cache, and if the function is called again
with the same arguments, the result is retrieved from the cache rather than being
recalculated. Further details: see extensions.html.
The xsl:if element is used for conditional processing. It takes a mandatory test
attribute, whose value is a boolean expression. The contents of the xsl:if element are expanded only
of the expression is true.
The full syntax of boolean expressions is given in XPath Expression Syntax
Example:
<xsl:if test="@preface">
<a href="preface.html">Preface</a>
</xsl:if>
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This includes a hyperlink in the output only if the current element has a preface
attribute.
The xsl:include element is always used at the top level of the stylesheet. It has a
mandatory href attribute, which is a URL (absolute or relative) of another stylesheet
to be textually included within this one. The top-level elements of the included stylesheet
effectively replace the xsl:include element.
xsl:include may also be used at the top level of the included stylesheet, and so
on recursively.
The xsl:import element is always used at the top level of the stylesheet, and it must
appear before all other elements at the top level. It has a
mandatory href attribute, which is a URL (absolute or relative) of another stylesheet
to be textually included within this one. The top-level elements of the included stylesheet
effectively replace the xsl:import element.
The xsl:import element may also be used at the top level of the included stylesheet, and so
on recursively.
The elements in the imported stylesheet have lower precedence than the elements in the importing stylesheet. The main effect of this is on selection of a template when xsl:apply-templates is used: if there is a matching template with precedence X, all templates with precedence less than X are ignored, regardless of their priority.
Saxon does not yet implement the xsl:import-schema declaration.
The xsl:key element is used at the top level of the stylesheet to declare an attribute, or other value,
that may be used as a key to identify nodes using the key() function within an expression. Each xsl:key
definition declares a named key, which must match the name of the key used in the key() function.
The set of nodes to which the key applies is defined by a pattern in the match attribute: for example,
if match="ACT|SCENE" then every ACT element and every SCENE element is indexed by this key.
The value of the key, for each of these matched elements, is determined by the use attribute.
This is an expression, which is evaluated for each matched element. If the expression returns a node-set,
the typed value of each node in this node-set acts as a key value. For example, if use="AUTHOR", then each
AUTHOR child of the matched element supplies one key value.
Note that
All three attributes, name, match, and use, are mandatory.
The optional collation attribute can be used when comparing strings.
Saxon does not yet allow the xsl:key element to contain a sequence constructor in place
of the use attribute.
The xsl:matching-substring element is used within an xsl:analyze-string element
to indicate the
default action to be taken with substrings that match a regular expression.
See xsl:analyze-string.
The xsl:message element causes a message to be displayed. The message
is the contents of the xsl:message element.
There is an optional attribute terminate with permitted values yes and no; the default is no. If the
value is set to yes, processing of the stylesheet is terminated after issuing the message. This
attribute may be supplied as an attribute value template.
By default the message is displayed on the standard error output stream. You can supply your own message Emitter if you want it handled differently. This must be a class that implements the net.sf.saxon.output.Emitter interface. The content of the message is in general an XML fragment. You can supply the emitter using the -m option on the command line, or the setMessageEmitter() method of the Controller class.
No newline is added to the message that is passed to the message emitter. The default message emitter adds a newline itself. If you want to be sure of getting a newline, add one from the application, as shown below.
Example: This example displays an error message.
<xsl:template match="BOOK">
<xsl:if test="not(@AUTHOR)">
<xsl:message>Error: BOOK found with no AUTHOR!
</xsl:message>
</xsl:if>
...
</xsl:template>
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The xsl:namespace instruction creates a namespace node. The name
attribute defines the name of the namespace node (that is, the namespace prefix) while the content of the
instruction defines the string value of the namespace node (that is, the namespace URI). The semantics
thus parallel xsl:attribute which creates attribute nodes.
It is rarely necessary to use this instruction explicitly. The only cases it is needed are where the namespaces to be included in the result document are not known statically, and are not present in the source document.
The xsl:namespace-alias element is a top-level element that is used to control the mapping
between a namespace URI used in the stylesheet and the corresponding namespace URI used in the result
document.
Normally when a literal result element is encountered in a template, the namespace used for the element name and attribute names in the result document is the same as the namespace used in the stylesheet. If a different namespace is wanted (e.g. because the result document is a stylesheet using the XSLT namespace), then xsl:namespace-alias can be used to define the mapping.
Example: This example allows the prefix outxsl to be used for output elements that are to be associated with the XSLT namespace. It assumes that both namespaces xsl and outxsl have been declared and are in scope.
<xsl:namespace-alias stylesheet-prefix="outxsl" result-prefix="xsl"/>
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The xsl:next-match instruction is very similar to xsl:apply-imports,
but with a different algorithm for choosing the next template to execute. It chooses the template rule
that matches the current node and that would have been chosen if the current template rule and all
higher precedence/priority rules were not there.
The xsl:non-matching-substring element is used within an xsl:analyze-string element
to indicate the
default action to be taken with substrings that do not match a regular expression.
See xsl:analyze-string.
The xsl:number element outputs the sequential number of a node in the source document.
It takes an attribute count whose value is a pattern indicating which nodes to count;
the default is to match all nodes of the same type and name as the current node.
The level attribute may take three values: "single", "any", or "multiple".
The default is "single".
There is also an optional from attribute, which is also a pattern.
The exact meaning of this depends on the level.
The calculation is as follows:
| level=single |
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| level=any | The result is the number of nodes in the document that match the count pattern, that are at or before the current node in document order, and that follow in document order the most recent node that matches the "from" pattern, if any. Typically this is used to number, say, the diagrams or equations in a document, or in some section or chapter of a document, regardless of where the diagrams or equations appear in the hierarchic structure. |
| level=multiple | The result of this is not a single number, but a list of numbers. There is one number in the list for each ancestor of the current element that matches the count pattern and that is a descendant of the anchor element. Each number is one plus the number of elder siblings of the relevant element that match the count pattern. The order of the numbers is "outwards-in". |
There is an optional format attribute which controls the output format. This contains an alternating
sequence of format-tokens and punctuation-tokens. A format-token is any sequence of alphanumeric characters,
a punctuation-token is any other sequence. The following
values (among others) are supported for the format-token:
| 1 | Sequence 1, 2, 3, ... 10, 11, 12, ... |
| 001 | Sequence 001, 002, 003, ... 010, 011, 012, ... (any number of leading zeroes) |
| a | Sequence a, b, c, ... aa, ab, ac, ... |
| A | Sequence A, B, C, ... AA, AB, AC, ... |
| i | Sequence i, ii, iii, iv, ... x, xi, xii, ... |
| I | Sequence I, II, III, IV, ... X, XI, XII, ... |
There is also support for various Japanese sequences (Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji) using the format tokens あ, ア, い, イ, 一, and for Greek and Hebrew sequences.
The format token "one" gives the sequence "one", "two", "three", ... , while "ONE" gives the same in upper-case.
The default format is "1".
Actually, any sequence of ASCII digits in the format is treated in the same way: writing 999 has the same effect as writing 001. A sequence of Unicode digits other than ASCII digits (for exaple, Tibetan digits) can also be used, and will result in decimal numbering using those digits.
Similarly, any other character classified as a letter can be used, and will result in "numbering" using all consecutive Unicode letters following the one provided. For example, specifying "x" will give the sequence x, y, z, xx, xy, xz, yx, yy, yz, etc. Specifying the Greek letter alpha (²) will cause "numbering" using the Greek letters up to "Greek letter omega with tonos" (Î). Only "i" and "I" (for roman numbering), and the Japanese characters listed above, are exceptions to this rule.
Successive format-tokens in the format are used to process successive numbers in the list. If there are more format-tokens in the format than numbers in the list, the excess format-tokens and punctuation-tokens are ignored. If there are fewer format-tokens in the format than numbers in the list, the last format-token and the punctuation-token that precedes it are used to format all excess numbers, with the final punctuation-token being used only at the end.
Examples:
| Number(s) | Format | Result |
| 3 | (1) | (3) |
| 12 | I | XII |
| 2,3 | 1.1 | 2.3 |
| 2,3 | 1(i) | 2(iii) |
| 2,3 | 1. | 2.3. |
| 2,3 | A.1.1 | B.3. |
| 2,3,4,5 | 1.1 | 2.3.4.5 |
This character may be preceded or followed by arbitrary punctuation (anything other than these characters or XML special characters such as "<") which is copied to the output verbatim. For example, the value 3 with format "(a)" produces output "(c)".
It is also possible to use xsl:number to format a number obtained from an expression. This is achieved using the value attribute of the xsl:number element. If this attribute is present, the count, level, and from attributes are ignored.
With large numbers, the digits may be split into groups. For example, specify grouping-size="3" and grouping-separator="/" to have the number 3000000 displayed as "3/000/000".
Negative numbers are always output in conventional decimal notation, regardless of the format specified.
Example: This example outputs the title child of an H2 element preceded by a composite number formed from the sequential number of the containing H1 element and the number of the containing H2 element.
<xsl:template match="H2/TITLE">
<xsl:number count="H1">.<xsl:number count="H2">
<xsl:text> </xsl:text>
<xsl:apply-templates/>
</xsl:template>
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The xsl:otherwise element is used within an xsl:choose element to indicate the
default action to be taken if none of the other choices matches.
See xsl:choose.
The xsl:output element is used to control the format of serial output files resulting
from the transformation. It is always a top-level element immediately below thexsl:stylesheet element.
There may be multiple xsl:output elements; their values are accumulated as described in the
XSLT specification.
The following attributes may be specified:
| name | This provides a name for this output format, which may be referenced
in the xsl:result-document elements.
By default, the unnamed output format is used. | method | This indicates the format or destination of the output. The value "xml" indicates XML output (though if disable-output-escaping is used there is no guarantee that it is well-formed). A value of "html" is used for HTML output. The value "text" indicates plain text output: in this case no markup may be written to the file using constructs such as literal result elements, xsl:element, xsl:attribute, or xsl:comment. The value "xhtml" is supported, however, the output of this method doesn't follow all the rules defined in the XSLT 2.0 specification, for example, no META element is created in the output. Alternatively output can be directed to a user-defined Java program by specifying the name of the class as the value of the method attribute, prefixed by a namespace prefix, for example "xx:com.me.myjava.MyEmitter". The class must be on the classpath, and must implement either the org.xml.sax.DocumentHandler interface, the org.xml.sax.ContentHandler interface, or the net.sf.saxon.output.Emitter interface. The last of these, though proprietary, is a richer interface that gives access to additional information. |
| cdata-section-elements | This is used only for XML output. It is a whitespace-separated list of element names. Character data belonging to these output elements will be written within CDATA sections. |
| doctype-system | This is used only for XML output: it is copied into the DOCTYPE declaration as the system identifier |
| doctype-public | This is used only for XML output: it is copied into the DOCTYPE declaration as the public identifier. It is ignored if there is no system identifier. |
| encoding | A character encoding, e.g. iso-8859-1 or utf-8. The value must be one recognised both by the Java run-time system and by Saxon itself: the encoding names that Saxon recognises are ASCII, US-ASCII, iso-8859-1, utf-8, utf8, KOI8R, cp1251. It is used for three distinct purposes: to control character conversion by the Java I/O routines; to determine which characters will be represented as character entities; and to document the encoding in the output file itself. The default (and fallback) is utf-8. |
| escape-uri-attributes | New in XSLT 2.0: values "yes" or "no" are accepted. This affects HTML output only.
It controls whether non-ASCII characters in HTML URI-valued attributes (for example, href)
are escaped using the %HH convention. The default is "yes". |
| include-content-type | New in XSLT 2.0: values "yes" or "no" are accepted. This affects HTML output only.
It controls whether a meta tag is inserted into the HTML head
element. The default is "yes". |
| indent | as in the XSLT spec: values "yes" or "no" are accepted. The indentation algorithm is different for HTML and XML. For HTML it avoids outputting extra space before or after an inline element, but will indent text as well as tags, except in elements such as PRE and SCRIPT. For XML, it avoids outputting extra whitespace except between two tags. The emphasis is on conformance rather than aesthetics! |
| media-type | For example, "text/xml" or "text/html". This is largely documentary. However, the value assigned is passed back to the calling application in the OutputDetails object, where is can be accessed using the getMediaType() method. The supplied servlet application SaxonServlet uses this to set the media type in the HTTP header. |
| omit-xml-declaration | The values are "yes" or "no". For XML output this controls whether an xml declaration should be output; the default is "no". |
| standalone | This is used only for XML output: if it is present, a standalone attribute is included in the XML declaration, with the value "yes" or "no". |
| use-character-maps | A space-separated list of the names of character maps (see xsl:character-map) which will be applied to transform individual characters during serialization. |
| version | Determines the version of XML or HTML to be output. Currently this is documentary only. |
See extensions.html for descriptions of additional attributes
supported by Saxon on the xsl:output declaration.
This element defines one entry in a character map. See xsl:character-map for further details.
The xsl:param element is used to define a formal parameter to a template,
or to the stylesheet.
As a template parameter, it must be used as an immediate child of the xsl:template element.
As a stylesheet parameter, it must be used as an immediate child of the xsl:stylesheet element.
There is a mandatory attribute, name, to define the name
of the parameter. The default value of the parameter may be defined either by a select attribute, or by the
contents of the xsl:param element, in the same way as for xsl:variable. The default value is ignored
if an actual parameter is supplied with the same name.
There is an optional attribute, as, to define the type of the parameter. The actual supplied
parameter will be converted to this type if required. If the parameter is omitted, the default value must
conform to the type. Note that if no default is specified, the default is a zero-length string, which may
conflict with the required type.
The type-information attribute is removed at Saxon 7.5
The required attribute can take the values "yes" or "no". This isn't allowed
for function parameters, which are always required. If the parameter is required, no default
value may be specified. Failure to supply a value for a required parameter gives a run-time error
(the specification says that in the case of call-template, it should be a static error).
The xsl:perform-sort instruction takes a sequence as its input and
produces a sorted sequence as its output.
The input sequence may be specified either using the select attribute, or using the
instructions contained within the xsl:perform-sort instruction. At present Saxon only
supports the select attribute.
The sort criteria are specified using xsl:sort elements as children of
xsl:perform-sort, in the usual way.
For example:
<xsl:perform-sort select="//BOOK">
<xsl:sort select="author/last-name"/>
<xsl:sort select="author/first-name"/>
</xsl:perform-sort>
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It's often useful to use xsl:perform-sort inside a stylesheet function; the function
can return the sorted sequence as its result, and can be invoked directly from an XPath expression.
The xsl:preserve-space element is used at the top level of the stylesheet to define elements in the source
document for which white-space nodes are significant and should be retained.
The elements attribute is mandatory, and defines a space-separated list of element names.
The value "*" may be used to mean "all elements"; in this case any elements where whitespace is not
to be preserved may be indicated by an xsl:strip-space element.
The xsl:processing-instruction element can appear anywhere within an
xsl:template.
It causes an XML processing
instruction to be output.
There is a mandatory name attribute which gives the name of the PI. This attribute is interpreted
as an attribute value template, so it may contain string expressions within curly braces.
The data part of the PI may be given either by a select attribute or by an enclosed
sequence constructor. If the select attribute is used and the value is a sequence, then
the items in the sequence are output space-separated.
For example:
<xsl:processing-instruction name="submit-invoice">version="1.0"</xsl:processing-instruction> |
Note that special characters occurring within the PI text will not be escaped.
The xsl:result-document element is new in XSLT 2.0, and replaces the previous extension element
saxon:output. It is used to direct output to a secondary output destination.
The format attribute is optional. If present,
it gives the name of an xsl:output element that describes the serialization
format for this output document; if absent, the unnamed xsl:output declaration
is used.
The href attribute gives the URI for the result document. If this is a relative
URI, it is interpreted relative to the base output URI. This is the systemID of the Result object
supplied as the destination for the transformation, or if you are using the command line, the value
of the -o flag. If the hrefxsl:result-document instruction.
This base output URI must be a writable location, which generally will only be the case when using the "file:/" protocol.
The optional validation and type attributes determines what
happens to any type annotations on element or attribute nodes. These values must not be used in
the basic Saxon product.
Here is an example that uses xsl:result-document:
<xsl:template match="preface">
<xsl:result-document href="{$dir}/preface.html">
<html><body bgcolor="#00eeee"><center>
<xsl:apply-templates/>
</center><hr/></body></html>
</xsl:result-document>
<a href="{$dir}/preface.html">Preface</a>
</xsl:template>
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Here the body of the preface is directed to a file called preface.html (prefixed by a constant that supplies the directory name). Output then reverts to the previous destination, where an HTML hyperlink to the newly created file is inserted.
The xsl:sequence element is used to construct arbitrary sequences.
It may select any sequence of nodes and/or atomic values, and essentially adds these to the result
sequence. The input may be specified either by a select attribute, or by the instructions
contained in the xsl:sequence instruction, or both (the select attribute
is processed first). Nodes and atomic values are included in the result sequence directly. Unlike
xsl:copy-of, no copy is made.
The as attribute may be used to define the required type of the sequence. The actual
value is converted to the required type if necessary, using the conversions that are permitted on
function calls. (Specifically, atomization of nodes, casting of untyped atomic values, and numeric
promotion.) If the type cannot be converted, a run-time error occurs.
There are two main usage scenarios. The first is copying atomic values into a tree. For example:
<e>
<xsl:sequence select="1 to 5"/>
<br/>
<xsl:sequence select="6 to 10"/>
</e>
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which produces the output <e>1 2 3 4 5<br/>6 7 8 9 10</e>.
The second, more important, is constructing a sequence-valued variable. A variable
is sequence-valued if the variable binding element (e.g. xsl:variable
has non-empty content, an as attribute, and no select attribute.
For example:
<xsl:variable name="seq" as="xs:integer *">
<xsl:for-each select="1 to 5">>
<xsl:sequence select=". * ."/>
</xsl:for-each/>
</xsl:variable>
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This produces the sequence (1, 4, 9, 16, 25) as the value of the variable.
The xsl:sequence instruction may be used to produce any sequence of nodes and/or
atomic values.
If nodes are constructed within a sequence-valued variable, they will be parentless. For example, the following code creates a variable whose value is a sequence of three parentless attributes:
<xsl:variable name="seq" as="attribute() *">
<xsl:attribute name="a">10</xsl:attribute>
<xsl:attribute name="b">20</xsl:attribute>
<xsl:attribute name="a">30</xsl:attribute>
</xsl:variable>
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It is quite legitimate to have two attributes in the sequence with the same name; there is
no conflict until an attempt is made to add them both to the same element. The attributes can
be added to an element by using <xsl:copy-of select="$seq"/> within an
xsl:element instruction or within a literal result element. At this stage the usual
rule applies: if there are duplicate attributes, the last one wins.
At present it is probably more efficient in Saxon to use XPath facilities (for
expressions, etc) to construct sequences, rather than doing it at the XSLT level.
The xsl:sort element is used within an xsl:for-each or xsl:apply-templates
or saxon:group element to indicate the order in which the selected elements are processed.
The select attribute (default value ".") is a string expression that calculates the sort
key.
The order attribute (values "ascending" or "descending", default "ascending") determines
the sort order. There is no control over language, collating sequence, or data type.
The data-type attribute determines whether collating is based
on alphabetic sequence or numeric sequence. The permitted values are either "text" or "number", or
a built-in type in XML Schema, such as xs:date or xs:decimal.
The collation attribute is the name of a collating sequence. If present it must refer to a name
established using the saxon:collation declaration in the stylesheet.
The case-order attribute (values "upper-first" and "lower-first") is relevant only for
data-type="text"; it determines whether uppercase letters are sorted before their lowercase equivalents,
or vice-versa.
The value of the lang attribute can be an ISO language code such as "en" (English) or
"de" (German). It determines the algorithm used for alphabetic collating. The default is based on
the Java system locale. The only collating sequence supplied with the Saxon product is "en" (English),
but other values may be supported by writing a user-defined comparison class. If no comparison class
is found for the specified language, a default algorithm is used which simply sorts according
to Unicode binary character codes. The value of lang does not have to be a recognized language
code, it is also possible to use values such as "month" to select a data-type-specific collating
algorithm.
Several sort keys are allowed: they are written in major-to-minor order.
Example 1: sorting with xsl:apply-templates. This example shows a template for a BOOKLIST element which processes all the child BOOK elements in order of their child AUTHOR elements; books with the same author are in descending order of the DATE attribute.
<xsl:template match="BOOKLIST">
<h2>
<xsl:apply-templates select="BOOK">
<xsl:sort select="AUTHOR"/>
<xsl:sort select="@DATE" order="descending" lang="GregorianDate"/>
</xsl:apply-templates>
</h2>
</xsl:template>
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Example 2: sorting with xsl:for-each. This example also shows a template for a BOOKLIST element which processes all the child BOOK elements in order of their child AUTHOR elements.
<xsl:template match="BOOKLIST">
<h2>
<xsl:for-each select="BOOK">
<xsl:sort select="AUTHOR"/>
<p>AUTHOR: <xsl:value-of select="AUTHOR"></p>
<p>TITLE: <xsl:value-of select="TITLE"></p>
<hr/>
</xsl:for-each>
</h2>
</xsl:template>
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The xsl:strip-space element is used at the top level of the stylesheet to define elements in the source
document for which white-space nodes are insignificant and should be removed from the tree before processing.
The elements attribute is mandatory, and defines a space-separated list of element names.
The value "*" may be used to mean "all elements"; in this case any elements where whitespace is not
to be stripped may be indicated by an xsl:preserve-space element.
The xsl:stylesheet element is always
the top-level element of an XSLT stylesheet. The
name xsl:transform may be used as a synonym.
The following attributes may be specified:
| version | Mandatory. A value other than "1.0" invokes forwards compatibility mode. |
| saxon:trace | Value "yes" or "no": default no. If set to "yes", causes activation of templates to be traced on System.err for diagnostic purposes. The value may be overridden by specifying a saxon:trace attribute on the individual template. |
The xsl:template element defines a processing rule for source elements or other nodes of a
particular type.
The type of node to be processed is identified by a pattern, written in the
mandatory match attribute. The most common form of pattern is simply an
element name. However, more complex patterns may also be used:
The full syntax of patterns is given in XSLT Pattern Syntax
The following examples show some of the possibilities:
| Pattern | Meaning |
| XXX | Matches any element whose name (tag) is XXX |
| * | Matches any element |
| XXX/YYY | Matches any YYY element whose parent is an XXX |
| XXX//YYY | Matches any YYY element that has an ancestor named XXX |
| /*/XXX | Matches any XXX element that is immediately below the root (document) element |
| *[@ID] | Matches any element with an ID attribute |
| XXX[1] | Matches any XXX element that is the first XXX child of its parent element. (Note that this kind of pattern can be very inefficient: it is better to match all XXX elements with a single template, and then use xsl:if to distinguish them) |
| SECTION[TITLE="Contents"] | Matches any SECTION element whose first TITLE child element has the value "Contents" |
| A/TITLE | B/TITLE | C/TITLE | Matches any TITLE element whose parent is of type A or B or C |
| text() | Matches any character data node |
| @* | Matches any attribute |
| / | Matches the document node |
The xsl:template element has an optional mode attribute. If this is present, the template
will only be matched when the same mode is used in the invoking xsl:apply-templates element.
The value can be a list of mode names, indicating that the template matches more than one mode; this list
can include the token #default to indicate that the template matches the default (unnamed)
mode. Alternatively the mode attribute can be set to #all, to indicate that the
template matches all modes. (This can be useful in conjunction with xsl:next-match: one
can write a template rule that matches in all modes, and then call xsl:next-match to continue
processing in the original mode.)
There is also an optional name attribute. If this is present, the template may be invoked
directly using xsl:call-template. The match attribute then becomes optional.
If there are several xsl:template elements that all match the same
node, the one that is chosen is determined by the optional priority attribute: the template
with highest priority wins. The priority is written as a floating-point number; the default priority
is 1. If two matching templates have the same priority, the one that appears last in the stylesheet
is used.
The following examples illustrate different kinds of template and match pattern.
Example 1: a simple XSLT template for a particular element. This example causes all <ptitle> elements in the source document to be output as HTML <h2> elements.
<xsl:template match="ptitle">
<h2>
<xsl:apply-templates/>
</h2>
</xsl:template>
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The xsl:text element causes its content to be output.
The main reasons for enclosing text within an xsl:text element is
to allow white space to be output.
White space nodes in the stylesheet are ignored unless they appear immediately within
an xsl:text element.
The optional disable-output-escaping attribute may be set to "yes" or "no"; the default is
"no". If set to "yes", special characters such as "<" and "&" will be output as themselves,
not as entities. Be aware that in general this can produce non-well-formed XML or HTML. It is useful,
however, when generating things such as ASP or JSP pages. Escaping may not be disabled when writing
to a result tree fragment.
Saxon 7.4 has reverted to the XSLT 1.0 specification of xsl:text: the instruction
must contain only text, it cannot contain a child element.
The xsl:value-of element evaluates an expression as a string,
and outputs its value to the current result tree.
The full syntax of expressions is given in XPath Expression Syntax.
The select attribute identifes the expression. If this is not specified, the value
to be output is obtained by evaluating the sequence constructor contained within the xsl:value-of
element.
The optional disable-output-escaping attribute may be set to "yes" or "no"; the default is
"no". If set to "yes", special characters such as "<" and "&" will be output as themselves,
not as entities. Be aware that in general this can produce non-well-formed XML or HTML. It is useful,
however, when generating things such as ASP or JSP pages. Escaping may not be disabled when writing
to a result tree fragment.
If the select expression evaluates to a sequence containing more than one item,
the result depends on whether a separator attribute is present. If the
separator is absent when running in 1.0 mode, then only the
first item is considered. When running in 2.0 mode, all the items are output. The separator
defaults to a single space if the select attribute is used, or to a zero-length string
if a sequence constructor is used. The separator attribute may be specified
as an attribute value template.
Here are some examples of expressions that can be used in the select attribute:
| Expression | value |
| TITLE | The character content of the first child TITLE element if there is one |
| @NAME | The value of the NAME attribute of the current element if there is one |
| . | The expanded character content of the current element |
| ../TITLE | The expanded character content of the first TITLE child of the parent element, if there is one |
| ancestor::SECTION/TITLE | The expanded character content of the first TITLE child of the enclosing SECTION element, if there is one |
| ancestor::*/TITLE | The expanded character content of the first TITLE child of the nearest enclosing element that has a child element named TITLE |
| PERSON[@ID] | The content of the first child PERSON element having an ID attribute, if there is one |
| *[last()]/@ID | The value of the ID attribute of the last child element of any type, if there are any |
| .//TITLE | The content of the first descendant TITLE element if there is one |
| sum(*/@SALES) | The numeric total of the values of the SALES attributes of all child elements that have a SALES attribute |
The xsl:variable element is used to declare a variable and give it a value. If it appears at the
top level (immediately within xsl:stylesheet) it declares a global variable, otherwise it declares a local variable
that is visible only within the stylesheet element containing the xsl:variable declaration.
The mandatory name attribute defines the name of the variable.
The value of the variable may be defined either by an expression within the optional select attribute, or
by the contents of the xsl:variable element. In the latter case the result is a temporary tree. A
temporary tree can be used like a source document, for example it can be accessed using path expressions
and processed using template rules.
There is an optional attribute, as, to define the type of the variable. The actual supplied
value must be an instance of this type; it will not be converted. This has changed in Saxon 7.4: previous
releases did a conversion.
In standard XSLT, variables once declared cannot be updated. Saxon however provides a saxon:assign extension element to circumvent this restriction.
The value of a variable can be referenced within an expression using the syntax $name.
Example:
<xsl:variable name="title">A really exciting document"</xsl:variable>
<xsl:variable name="backcolor" expr="'#FFFFCC'" />
<xsl:template match="/*">
<HTML><TITLE<xsl:value-of select="$title"/></TITLE>
<BODY BGCOLOR='{$backcolor}'>
...
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The xsl:when element is used within an xsl:choose element to indicate one
of a number of choices. It takes a mandatory parameter, test, whose value is a match
pattern. If this is the first xsl:when element within the enclosing xsl:choose whose test
condition matches the current element, the content of the xsl:when element is expanded, otherwise
it is ignored.
The xsl:with-param element is used to define an actual parameter to a template. It may be used
within an xsl:call-template or an xsl:apply-templates or an xsl:apply-imports element.
For an example, see the xsl:template section.
There is a mandatory attribute, name, to define the name
of the parameter. The value of the parameter may be defined either by a select attribute, or by the
contents of the xsl:param element, in the same way as for xsl:variable.
The parameter has no effect unless the called template includes a matching
xsl:param element. But when using xsl:call-template, it is an error to specify
a parameter that isn't declared in the target template, or to omit a parameter that's described
in the target template with required="yes".
The attribute tunnel="yes" creates a tunnel parameter which is accessible to called
templates at any depth, whether or not they are declared in intermediate templates. However, the value
is only accessible if tunnel="yes" is also specified on the corresponding
xsl:param element.
Any elements in the style sheet other than those listed above are assumed to be literal result elements, and are copied to the current output stream at the position in which they occur.
Attribute values within literal result elements are treated as attribute value templates: they may contain string expressions enclosed between curly braces. For the syntax of string expressions, see xsl:value-of above.
Where the output is HTML, certain formatting elements are recognised as empty elements: these are AREA, BASEFONT, BR, COL, FRAME, HR, IMG, INPUT, ISINDEX, LINK, META, and SYSTEM (in either upper or lower case, and optionally with attributes, of course). These should be written as empty XML elements in the stylesheet, and will be written to the HTML output stream without a closing tag.
With HTML output, if the attribute name is the same as its value, the abbreviated form of output is used: for example if <OPTION SELECTED="SELECTED"> appears in the stylesheet, it will be output as <OPTION SELECTED>.
A simple stylesheet may be created by using a literal result element as the top-level element of the stylesheet. This implicitly defines a single template with a match pattern of "/". In fact, an XHTML document constitutes a valid stylesheet which will be output as a copy of itself, regardless of the contents of the source XML document.
Michael H. Kay
12 November 2003